Iwayini isiphuzo esidakayo ngokuvamile esenziwe ngamagilebhisi abilisiwe.I-yeast idla ushukela osemagilebhisini futhi iwuguqule ube yi-ethanol kanye ne-carbon dioxide, ikhiphe ukushisa kule nqubo.Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagilebhisi kanye nezinhlobo ze-yeast yizici ezinkulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zewayini.Lo mehluko uvela ekusebenzelaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwe-biochemical yamagilebhisi, ukusabela okuhilelekile ekuvubeleni, indawo ekhulayo yamagilebhisi (i-terroir), kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza iwayini.Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izikhalo ezingokomthetho ezihloselwe ukuchaza izitayela nezimfanelo zewayini.Lokhu kuvame ukukhawulela imvelaphi yendawo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezivunyelwe zamagilebhisi, kanye nezinye izici zokukhiqiza iwayini.Amawayini angenziwanga ngamagilebhisi ahlanganisa ukuvutshelwa kwezinye izitshalo okuhlanganisa iwayini lelayisi namanye amawayini ezithelo afana neplamu, icherry, ihalananda, i-currant kanye ne-elderberry.
Izimpawu zokuqala zewayini ezaziwayo zivela eGeorgia (c. 6000 BCE), Iran (Persia) (c. 5000 BCE), naseSicily (c. 4000 BCE).Iwayini lafika e-Balkans ngo-4500 BC futhi ladliwa futhi lagujwa eGrisi yasendulo, eThrace naseRoma.Kuwo wonke umlando, iwayini liye lasetshenziswa ngenxa yemiphumela yalo edakayo.
Ubufakazi bokuqala bemivubukulo kanye ne-archaeobotanical yewayini lamagilebhisi kanye ne-viniculture, eyaqala ngo-6000-5800 BCE yatholakala endaweni yaseGeorgia yanamuhla.Bobabili ubufakazi bemivubukulo kanye nezakhi zofuzo bubonisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kokuqala kwenye indawo kwenzeka kamuva, cishe kwenzeka eNingizimu yeCaucasus (ehlanganisa i-Armenia, Georgia kanye ne-Azerbaijan), noma isifunda sase-West Asia phakathi kwe-Eastern Turkey, nenyakatho ye-Iran.Indawo yokuqala yewayini eyaziwayo kusukela ngo-4100 BCE i-Areni-1 e-Armenia.
Nakuba kungelona iwayini, ubufakazi bakuqala bomvini nerayisi obuxubene neziphuzo ezivutshiwe batholakala eShayina yasendulo (c. 7000 BCE).
Imininingwane yezitebhisi ezisempumalanga ye-Apadana, ePersepolis, ebonisa abantu base-Armenia beletha i-amphora, mhlawumbe yewayini, enkosini.
Umbiko wango-2003 wabavubukuli ubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amagilebhisi ahlanganiswa nerayisi ukuze kukhiqizwe iziphuzo ezivutshiwe ezixutshwe eShayina lasendulo eminyakeni yokuqala yenkulungwane yesikhombisa BCE.Izimbiza zobumba ezivela endaweni ye-Neolithic yaseJiahu, e-Henan, zaziqukethe imikhondo ye-tartaric acid nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezivame ukutholakala ewayinini.Kodwa-ke, ezinye izithelo zendabuko esifundeni, njenge-hawthorn, azikwazi ukuchithwa.Uma lezi ziphuzo, okubonakala sengathi ziyizandulela zewayini lerayisi, zihlanganisa amagilebhisi kunezinye izithelo, bekungaba noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle eziyishumi nambili zendabuko eShayina, kunokuba i-Vitis vinifera, eyethulwa eminyakeni engu-6000 kamuva.
Ukusabalala kwesiko lewayini ngasentshonalanga cishe kwakungenxa yabaseFenike abasakazekela ngaphandle besuka esizindeni sezifunda zedolobha ngasogwini lwaseMedithera ezigxile eLebanon yanamuhla (kanye nokufaka izingxenye ezincane zakwa-Israel/Palestine kanye nogu lwaseSyria);[37] ] nokho, isiko lakwaNuragic eSardinia lalivele linesiko lokudla iwayini ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseFenike.Amawayini e-Byblos athunyelwa e-Egypt ngesikhathi soMbuso Omdala futhi kamuva kulo lonke elaseMedithera.Ubufakazi balokhu buhlanganisa imikhumbi emibili yaseFenike eyaphahlazeka kusukela ngo-750 BCE, eyatholwa nezimpahla zabo zewayini zisaphelele, ezatholwa nguRobert Ballard Njengabahwebi bokuqala bewayini (cherem), abaseFenike kubonakala sengathi balivikela ekufakweni kwewayini ngongqimba lwewayini. amafutha omnqumo, alandelwa uphawu lwe-pinewood ne-resin, efana ne-retsina.
Izinsalela zokuqala zeSigodlo sase-Apadana ePersepolis kusukela ngo-515 BCE zihlanganisa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezibonisa amasosha avela emazweni angaphansi koMbuso Wase-Achaemenid eletha izipho enkosini yama-Achaemenid, phakathi kwawo ama-Armenia eletha iwayini lawo elidumile.
Izincwadi ezikhuluma ngewayini ziningi ngoHomer (ngekhulu lesi-8 BCE, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka zihlobene nezingoma zangaphambili), u-Alkman (wekhulu lesi-7 BCE), nabanye.EGibhithe lasendulo, kwatholakala ama-amphora ewayini ayisithupha kwangu-36 ethuneni leNkosi u-Tutankhamun anegama elithi “Kha'y”, i-vintner yasebukhosini.Ezinhlanu kulawa ma-amphora ayeqokwe njengavela endaweni yomuntu siqu yenkosi, neyesithupha endaweni yendlu yobukhosi yase-Aten.Imizila yewayini iphinde yatholakala enkabeni ye-Asian Xinjiang eShayina yanamuhla, kusukela ngenkulungwane yesibili neyokuqala yeminyaka BCE.
Ukucindezela iwayini ngemva kokuvuna;I-Tacuinum Sanitatis, ikhulu le-14
Ukukhulunywa kokuqala okwaziwayo kwewayini elisekelwe kumagilebhisi eNdiya kuvela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-4 leminyaka emibhalweni ka-Chanakya, ungqongqoshe omkhulu we-Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.Emibhalweni yakhe, u-Chanakya uyakugxeka ukusetshenziswa kotshwala ngenkathi ebhala phansi umbusi kanye nokuzitika njalo kwenkantolo yakhe kwesitayela sewayini elaziwa ngokuthi i-madhu.
AmaRoma asendulo ayetshala izivini eduze namadolobha agcina izivini ukuze iwayini likhiqizwe endaweni kunokuba lihanjiswe amabanga amade.Ezinye zalezi zindawo sezidume umhlaba wonke ngokukhiqiza iwayini.AmaRoma athola ukuthi amakhandlela esibabule avutha ngaphakathi ezitsheni zewayini ezingenalutho ayewagcina ehlanzekile futhi engenalo iphunga likaviniga.EYurophu yasendulo, iSonto LamaRoma Katolika lalisekela iwayini ngoba abefundisi babelifuna ngeMisa. Izindela zaseFrance zazilenza iwayini iminyaka eminingi, liguga emigedeni.Iresiphi yakudala yesiNgisi eyasinda ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19 idinga ukucwengwa kwewayini elimhlophe ewayinini le-bastardo elibi noma elingcolile.
Kamuva, inzalo yewayini lesidlo esingcwele yacwengwa ukuze ibe mnandi kakhulu.Lokhu kudale i-viticulture yesimanje ewayinini laseFrance, iwayini lase-Italy, iwayini laseSpain, kanye nalawa masiko amagilebhisi ewayini alethwa ewayinini Lezwe Elisha.Isibonelo, amagilebhisi eMishini alethwa izindela zaseFrancisca eNew Mexico ngo-1628 eqala ifa lewayini le-New Mexico, lawa magilebhisi alethwa eCalifornia eyaqala imboni yewayini yaseCalifornia.Ngenxa yesiko lewayini laseSpain, lezi zifunda ezimbili zagcina ziguquke zaba abakhiqizi abakhulu kunabo bonke, ngokulandelana, bewayini lase-United States.I-Viking sagas ngaphambilini ikhulume ngezwe elihle eligcwele amagilebhisi asendle newayini lezinga eliphezulu elibizwa ngokunembile ngokuthi iVinland.[51]Ngaphambi kokuthi amaSpanishi asungule amasiko awo amaderibe ewayini aseMelika eCalifornia naseNew Mexico, bobabili iFrance kanye neBrithani babezame ngokungaphumeleli ukusungula imivini eFlorida naseVirginia ngokulandelana.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-04-2022